Women and Justice: Keywords

Domestic Case Law

Cправа № 658/2391/18 (Case No.658/2391/18) цивільного суду у складі Верховного Суду (Civil Cassation Court within the Supreme Court of Ukraine) (2021)


Property and inheritance rights

The appellant sued to establish co-residence with the deceased, a man with whom she lived for more than five years but never married. The claim was related to the fact that the man died without a will, so inheritance defaulted to take place in order of precedence according to Ukrainian legislation. Without establishing co-residence, the appellant had no legal right to inherit at all, but establishing co-residence with the deceased would give her the opportunity to inherit the property as a fourth-line heir, as she lived with the deceased for at least five years. However, the deceased's niece also claimed her rights to his property including land plots and a residential building. The plaintiff argued that the niece should not inherit because she did not take part in the material support of her uncle, carry out his burial, nor take an interest in his health. The first-instance court partially satisfied the appellant’s claim and established her co-residence with the deceased man without marriage. At the same time, the court assumed that the appellant provided long-term care and assistance to the deceased, who was unable to care for himself. The appellate court overturned this decision, finding that there was no evidence to prove that the appellant lived with the deceased as a family, and that they were connected by common life, joint farming, etc. The Supreme Court left this decision unchanged, stating that the fact that the appellant and the deceased lived at the same address did not prove that they lived as a family. Therefore, according to the Court, the appellant had no right to inherit the deceased’s property. This case is important because it shows how women’s property and inheritance rights are unprotected outside of registered marriage, and that it is very difficult to prove living as one family in a Ukrainian court.

Скаржниця пред'явила позов про встановлення спільного проживання з померлим, чоловіком, з яким вона прожила більше п'яти років, але так і не вийшла заміж. Позов був пов’язаний з тим, що чоловік помер без заповіту, тому спадкування мало відбуватися за законом (в порядку черговості) згідно із законодавством України. Без встановлення спільного проживання, скаржниця взагалі не мала законного права на спадкування, але встановлення спільного проживання з померлим дало б їй можливість успадкувати майно як спадкоємець четвертої черги, оскільки вона проживала з померлим принаймні п'ять років. Однак, племінниця померлого також заявила свої права на його майно, зокрема земельні ділянки та житловий будинок. Позивач стверджувала, що племінниця не повинна приймати спадщину, оскільки не брала участі в матеріальному забезпеченні свого дядька, не здійснила його поховання, не цікавилася його здоров'ям. Суд першої інстанції частково задовольнив позов скаржниці та встановив її спільне проживання з померлим без шлюбу. Водночас, суд виходив з того, що скаржниця надавала тривалий догляд та допомогу померлому, який був не в змозі обслуговувати себе сам. Суд апеляційної інстанції скасував це рішення, встановивши відсутність доказів того, що скаржниця проживала із померлим однією сім’єю і, що вони були пов’язані спільним побутом, вели спільне господарство тощо. Верховний Суд залишив це рішення без змін, вказавши, що той факт, що скаржниця і померлий проживали за однією адресою, не доводить, що вони проживали однією сім'єю. Таким чином, на думку Суду, скаржниця не мала права успадкувати майно померлого. Ця справа є важливою, тому що показує, що майнові та спадкові права жінок поза зареєстрованим шлюбом є незахищеними, а також те, що в українському суді досить важко довести факт проживання однією сім’єю.



Dlamini v. The Quadro Trust & 8 Others Supreme Court (2016)


Gender discrimination, Property and inheritance rights

The appellant sought to set aside a lower court’s decision and remove his deceased paternal grandmother’s estate executors. The lower court found that the appellant had no locus standi to bring forth the application as he was not the lawful beneficiary of his grandmother’s estate—he was born out of wedlock and his father predeceased his now deceased paternal grandmother. Therefore, the appellant had no right of inheritance intestate. The Supreme Court found that Section 31 of the Constitution (the abolition of the common law status of illegitimacy of a person born out of wedlock) abolishes the principle that children cannot inherit from their father. The Court upheld the appeal and found that the applicant had locus standi to institute or defend legal proceedings relating the deceased estate.



Cole, et al. v. Dixon Supreme Court of Liberia (1938)


Gender discrimination, Property and inheritance rights

This case established that a wife’s dower is not an asset of her husband’s estate. After Mr. Dixon died intestate, his widow claimed that she held title to real property that had been conveyed to her as a deed of gift from her husband. The executor, appointed by the county, argued that the property was an asset of the estate because the right of dower accrues only after the death of the husband. The court disagreed, holding that “[the] inchoate right of dower is so vested in the wife as against the husband immediately on the marriage that no conveyance or act of the husband can deprive her of it,” including any creditors’ claims against the husband.



Williams v. Wynn Supreme Court of Liberia (1914)


Gender discrimination, Property and inheritance rights

This case established a precedent for property rights of a widow when her husband dies intestate. On appeal, the Supreme Court excluded from probate ten acres of land to which Ms. Williams claimed title. Ms. Williams’ husband died intestate and the executor of his estate, appointed by the Probate Court, included all real and personal property from the marriage in determining the assets of the estate. Ms. Williams claimed that she held title to ten acres of property that her husband had purchased through a third party, with title vesting in the wife. The executor argued, and the trial court held, that all property acquired through the husband could be made liable for his debts. The trial court relied upon the Constitution of Liberia, which states “The property of which a woman may be possessed at the time of her marriage and also that of which she may afterwards become possessed, otherwise than by her husband shall not be held responsible for his debts.” The court reasoned that this clause implies that property acquired through her husband could be held liable for his debts. The Supreme Court disagreed, holding that if a husband acquires property in the name of a third party, who becomes the medium through which title vests in the wife, the wife has an absolute right in that property and is not liable for the claims of the husband’s creditors. The court failed to apply this holding to personal property of the marriage, however, stating that instead personal property procured and owned by the deceased for the common use of the household is an asset of the estate.



Legislation

Civil Code (marriage, property, and inheritance) (2000)


Forced and early marriage, Gender discrimination, Property and inheritance rights

The Code sets various provisions related to marital property and duties. It also sets the minimum age for marriage at 18.

El Codigo establece varias leyes relacionadas a la propiedad y deberes matrimoniales. Tambien designa 18 como la edad minima para el matrimonio legal.